EU Population Projected to Decline After 2029, Ageing Accelerates by 2100 (ec.europa.eu)

• EU population peaks in 2029 at 453.3 million, then declines to 398.8 million by 2100.
• Median age rises from 44.9 in 2025 to 51.5 in 2100.
• Old-age dependency ratio (65+/15-64) increases from 34.4% to 61.9%.
• 18 EU countries will see population decline; largest in Latvia (-33.9%), Lithuania (-33.4%), Poland (-31.6%).
• Net migration is the only growth factor; cumulated net migration +103.7 million offsets natural decrease of -156.7 million.

"The EU population is projected to increase slightly from 451.8 million in 2025 to 453.3 million in 2029, then decline to 398.8 million by 2100. The median age will rise by 6.6 years to 51.5. The share of people aged 65+ will more than double to 33.6%. Natural change will be negative throughout, with net migration adding 103.7 million people. Among member states, Luxembourg and Malta will grow the most, while Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland will see the largest declines."